Table 4 Comparisons of central tendency and variation of the total counts of 2-min intervals where student behavior, as indicated by the original list of COPUS codes (from (Smith et al. 2013)), was observed by CoP (n = 25) and non-CoP (n = 35) instructors

Listening

22.18 (23)

2.94

24.07 (25)

1.36

9.33

.002

− 0.86

[ − 1.40, − 0.32]

Ind prob solving

0.54 (0)

1.22

0.84 (0)

1.70

0.26

.610

− 0.19

[ − 0.71,0.32]

Group clicker

5.62 (5)

4.72

0.67 (0)

2.23

25.26

<.001

1.40

[0.83, 1.98]

Group working

0.28 (0)

0.98

0.60 (0)

2.05

0.03

.863

− 0.19

[ − 0.71, 0.33]

Group other

1.20 (0)

2.80

0.17 (0)

0.57

4.43

.035

0.55

[0.02, 1.08]

Prediction

0.60 (0)

1.58

0.20 (0)

0.68

1.64

.200

0.35

[ − 0.18, 0.87]

Test/quiz

0.28 (0)

1.40

0.00 (0)

0.00

1.40

.237

0.31

[ − 0.21, 0.83]

Answer question

3.26 (3)

2.83

3.33 (2)

3.91

0.31

.575

− 0.02

[ − 0.54, 0.50]

Ask question

2.28 (2)

2.21

3.23 (2)

3.76

0.41

.524

− 0.29

[ − 0.81, 0.23]

Class discussion

0.28 (0)

0.89

0.31 (0)

1.16

0.14

.708

− 0.03

[ − 0.55, 0.49]

Presentation

0.12 (0)

0.60

0.00 (0)

0.00

1.40

.237

0.31

[ − 0.21, 0.83]

Waiting

0.72 (0)

1.86

0.81 (0)

1.60

0.33

.564

− 0.05

[ − 0.57, 0.47]

Other

0.12 (0)

0.44

0.03 (0)

0.17

0.83

.361

0.29

[ − 0.23, 0.81]