Mode | Interactive | Constructive | Active | Passive |
---|---|---|---|---|
Student behavior | Two or more learners discuss, with each taking turns and generating outputs that go beyond the information that has been presented in instructional materials (e.g., defending and arguing a position) | Learners generate outputs that go beyond the information that has been presented in instructional materials (e.g., drawing a concept map, solving a new problem) | Learners make physical manipulations without adding new knowledge (e.g., taking verbatim notes) | Learners receive information (e.g., listening) |
Learning outcomes | Deepest understanding, potential to innovate new ideas, interpretations, products. | Deep understanding, potential for transfer to new contexts | Shallow understanding, potential for transfer to very similar contexts | Minimal understanding, potential for knowledge recalled verbatim and in identical context |