Table 2 Feedback levels
Level | Main aspects | Focus | Feedback content type | Delivery method | Effects on learning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Evaluative, normative | Student | Grade, praise, evaluation, comparison with others | General comments, no reason, attention to “self”, too long, vague, difficult, or interruptive students’ prompts | Negative or no effects |
2 | Corrective, verification | Task | Correction, right answer, direct hint, try again, | Short, clear, fast in written and spoken | Sometimes effective |
3 | Elaborative, facilitative | Task | Location of mistakes, addressing information, hint/cue for the direction, specific error (what and why) | No correct answers, manageable units for students, considering students’ level, specific and clear, goal orientation | Effective almost always |