International Journal of STEM Education

Table 4 Summary of latent variable effects

From: A structural equation model looking at student’s participatory behavior and their success in Calculus I

	Difficulty			HelpSeeking			Homework			Confidence			Mindset
	Direct	Indirect	Total	Direct	Indirect	Total	Direct	Indirect	Total	Direct	Indirect	Total	Direct	Indirect	Total
Confidence	− .91	− .156	− 1.066	.501		.501							− .251		− .251
Enjoyment		− .819	− .819	.174	.287	.461				.573		.573	− .335	− .144	− .479
Mindset	.621		.621
Achievement	− .451	− .151	− .602		.071	.071	.233		.233	.142		.142		− .036	− .036

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