Table 1 Survey items and latent variables

I am confident in my mathematical abilities.

1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree

I am good at computing derivatives and integrals.

I am able to use ideas of calculus (e.g. differentiation, integration) to solve word problems that I have not seen before.

I enjoy doing mathematics.

1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree

If I had a choice: A = I would never take another mathematics course, B = I would continue to take mathematics.

1 = completely A, 2 = more A than B, 3 = more B than A, 4 = completely B

When experiencing a difficulty in my math class: A = I try hard to figure it out on my own, B = I quickly seek help or give up trying.

1 = completely A, 2 = more A than B, 3 = more B than A, 4 = completely B

For me, making unsuccessful attempts when solving a mathematics problem is: A = a natural part of the problem, B = an indication of my weakness is mathematics

Instructor-verified final course grade recorded numerically

0.0 to 4.0

During class, I contributed to discussion.

1 = never to 5 = every class session

During class, I asked questions.

During class, I was lost and unable to follow the lecture.

1 = never to 5 = every class session

During class, I simply copied whatever was written on the board.

How often did I visit my instructor’s office hours?

1 = never to 5 = more than once/week

How often did I use online tutoring?

How often did I visit a tutor to assist with the course?

I completed all my assigned homework.

1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree