International Journal of STEM Education

Table 5 Pearson pairwise correlations between demographic factors, SAT scores, and outcome variables pre- and post-implementation. Significant correlations are marked * (p < 0.05) and † (p < 0.01)

From: Required peer-cooperative learning improves retention of STEM majors

	Demographic Factors			SAT Scores			Gateway Course
	Ethnic.	1st Gen.	Low-in.	Math	Verbal	Total	Grade	Success	2Y Ret.
Pre-implementation
Gender (1 = Female)	.01	−.03	.07	−.15^†	−.11^*	−.18^†	−.03	−.02	.04
Ethnicity (1 = Nonwhite)		.14^†	.18^†	−.22^†	−.23^†	−.32^†	−.10^*	−.11^*	−.11^*
First-generation			.27^†	−.03	−.06	−.09	.07	.05	.12^*
Low-income status				−.11	−.22^†	−.27^*	.02	−.05	.07
SAT-Math score					.70^†	.57^†	.17^†	.17^†	.15^†
SAT-Verbal score						.83^†	.20^†	.21^†	.07
SAT total score							.28^†	.31^†	.14^†
Gateway course grade (4.0 = A)								.86^†	.49^†
Gateway success (1 = B– or higher)									.41^†
2-yr. STEM retention (1 = retained)
Post-implementation
Gender (1 = Female)	.08	.08	.08	−.16^†	−.11^*	−.22^†	.06	.05	.03
Ethnicity (1 = Nonwhite)		.19^†	.34^†	−.27^†	−.30^†	−.37^†	−.17^†	−.17^†	−.13^†
First-generation			.27^†	−.11^*	−.11^*	−.18^†	−.01	−.02	−.03
Low-income status				−.07	−.22^†	−.22^†	−.11	−.11	−.10
SAT-Math score					.73^†	.58^†	.17^†	.15^†	.07
SAT-Verbal score						.73^†	.15^†	.15^†	.08
SAT total score							.34^†	.33^†	.22^†
Gateway course grade (4.0 = A)								.84^†	.51^†
Gateway success (1 = B– or higher)									.44^†
2-yr. STEM retention (1 = retained)

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