Standards-based mathematics curricula and the promotion of quantitative literacy in elementary school

Table 2 Fit statistics for testing invariance of second-order factor model of QLT across cohorts

Model	χ ²	df	CFI	SRMR	RMSEA (90 % CI) (pclose)	Model comparison	ΔCFI	Δχ ²	Δdf
Model 1 configural invariance	577.12^***	135	0.942	0.056	0.036 (0.033–0.039) (1.00)	–
Model 2 first-order factor loadings invariant	618.31^***	153	0.939	0.061	0.035 (0.032–0.038) (1.00)	2 vs. 1	0.003	41.19^***	18
Model 3 first- and second-order factor loadings invariant	621.67^***	157	0.940	0.061	0.034 (0.032–0.037) (1.00)	3 vs. 2	0.001	3.36	4
Model 4 first- and second-order factor loadings and structural variances invariant	623.68^***	159	0.940	0.062	0.034 (0.031-0.037) (1.00)	4 vs. 3	0.000	2.02	2
Model 5 first- and second-order factor loadings, structural variances, and structural residuals invariant	628.66^***	165	0.940	0.062	0.034 (0.031–0.036) (1.00)	5 vs. 4	0.000	4.98	6
Model 6 first- and second-order factor loadings, structural variances, structural residuals, and measurement residuals invariant	713.26^***	201	0.933	0.062	0.032 (0.029–0.035) (1.00)	6 vs. 5	0.007	84.98^***	36