A comparative analysis of the relationship between learning styles and mathematics performance

International Journal of STEM Education

Table 4 Proportion of variance among students and schools explained by HLM models estimating relationship between learning styles and mathematics performance

Learning style	Hong Kong		Japan		Korea		USA
Learning style	Students	Schools	Students	Schools	Students	Schools	Students	Schools
Competitive learning	0.10 (0.03)	0.74	0.05 (0.03)	0.90	0.12 (0.10)	0.83	0.09 (0.03)	0.81
Cooperative learning	0.11 (0.03)	0.74	0.05 (0.03)	0.90	0.13 (0.09)	0.81	0.09 (0.01)	0.83

Value in a parenthesis indicates proportion of variance explained at the student level with a certain learning style as the only variable in a HLM model.