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Table 3 HLM results estimating the relationship between cooperative learning style and mathematics performance across countries (regions)

From: A comparative analysis of the relationship between learning styles and mathematics performance

Parameter

Hong Kong

Japan

Korea

USA

 

Fixed effects

Intercept

551.28

(3.67)

533.69

(3.30)

538.82

(3.25)

482.23

(4.49)

Level 1 (student level)

        

 Cooperative learning

11.85*

(2.03)

6.36*

(2.74)

24.30*

(2.29)

−4.22

(2.54)

 Male

17.83*

(3.49)

17.80*

(5.98)

19.18*

(5.99)

7.05

(6.01)

 Age

21.35*

(6.00)

19.73*

(6.67)

13.64*

(7.91)

11.54

(8.73)

 Father SES

0.39*

(0.13)

−0.07

(0.12)

0.27

(0.22)

0.67*

(0.15)

 Mother SES

−0.11

(0.15)

−0.06

(0.17)

0.11

(0.21)

0.80*

(0.19)

Level 2 (school level)

        

 Student-teacher ratio

0.55*

(0.16)

0.02

(0.07)

−0.27*

(0.06)

0.17

(0.11)

 School mean father SES

3.67*

(1.13)

6.05*

(0.80)

2.24*

(0.99)

0.88

(0.77)

 School mean mother SES

0.67

(1.05)

2.74*

(0.86)

1.88

(1.03)

2.80*

(1.30)

 Proportion of certified teachers

0.15

(0.18)

−0.94*

(0.22)

7.78*

(2.79)

0.60*

(0.28)

 School educational resources

0.11

(4.29)

−3.55

(2.89)

−5.61

(5.39)

1.85

(5.46)

 School disciplinary climate

87.88*

(13.19)

36.99*

(8.82)

47.91*

(12.42)

15.94

(11.42)

 Teacher-student relationship

−19.32

(11.46)

−0.65

(8.18)

−23.06

(12.64)

−21.93

(15.25)

 Student behaviors

9.56

(4.95)

22.66*

(5.42)

7.61*

(3.33)

4.31

(7.51)

 Teacher behaviors

−8.68

(6.22)

−4.78

(5.25)

−0.47

(4.37)

1.79

(6.35)

 School autonomy

−13.79*

(5.26)

−19.96*

(4.49)

−15.07*

(6.03)

15.26*

(5.96)

 Teacher participation

2.54

(3.86)

−2.12

(3.04)

−3.85

(2.98)

−1.74

(3.91)

 Ability grouping (some classes)

13.59

(12.85)

11.75

(9.46)

0.37

(9.58)

18.44

(18.96)

 Ability grouping (all classes)

−1.66

(15.52)

−10.13

(9.01)

0.96

(11.26)

23.85

(19.23)

 

Random parameters

Level 2 (school level)

        

 Intercept/intercept (τ)

1302.70*

(189.30)

657.53*

(120.66)

535.32*

(113.82)

531.74*

(101.92)

Level 1 (student level)

        

 Intercept/intercept (σ2)

4789.67*

(133.17)

4738.99*

(136.07)

4639.39*

(171.76)

5333.14*

(214.30)

  1. Standard errors are in parentheses. *p < 0.05.